1、用氧铵盐氧化

用氧铵盐氧化醇即可得到相应的醛酮。

用氧铵盐氧化示例：

    A 1-L, three-necked, round-bottomed flask is fitted with a mechanical stirrer, pressure-equalizing dropping funnel, and a thermometer. The flask is charged with 44.05 g (0.50 mol) of (S)-(−)-2-methyl-1-butanol, 0.78 g (5 mmol) of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl, 170 mL of dichloromethane, and a solution of 5.95 g (0.050 mol) of potassium bromide in 25 mL of water. The reaction mixture is vigorously stirred and cooled to −10°C with a salt–ice bath, then 550 mL (0.55 mol) of 1 M aqueous sodium hypochlorite at pH 9.5 is added over 15–20 min, keeping the temperature of the reaction mixture between 10 and 15°C. The mixture is stirred for a further 3 min. The orange organic phase is separated and the aqueous phase is extracted with 50 mL of dichloromethane. The combined organic extracts are washed with 100 mL of 10% aqueous hydrochloric acid containing 1.6 g (0.010 mol) of potassium iodide, 60 mL of 10% aqueous sodium thiosulfate, and 60 mL of water. The organic phase is dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and then distilled at atmospheric pressure through a 20-cm Vigreux distilling column to give 35.3–36.3 g (82–84%) of (S)-(+)-2-methylbutanal as a colorless oil, bp 90–92°C (GC purity >99%),[α] D 22 +36.8° (acetone, c 2.5).

2、用高价碘试剂氧化

      高价碘氧化剂可以在中性或接近中性的条件下，在室温很温和地可将伯醇和仲醇氧化为醛酮。一般用二氯甲烷作溶剂。

     常用的高价碘氧化剂有三种，即 (Diacetoxyiodo)benzene (DIB)， o-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) 和 Dess-Martin periodinane (DMP)。

DMP 可由邻碘苯甲酸通过两步反应制得。

DMP 氧化反应示例：

      To a solution of (Z)-hex-3-enol (9.55 g, 9.55 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (100 mL) under argon was added at 0 °C the DMP (4.85 g, 11.46 mmol). After 5 min, the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to r.t. and stirred for 1 h. The mixture was cooled down to 0 °C and washed with a sat. soln (80 mL) of NaHCO 3 /Na 2 S 2 O 3 (1:1). After decantation the organic layer was washed once again (20 mL). The combined aqueous layers were extracted with CH2Cl2 (30 mL). After drying over MgSO 4 for 2 min, the organic phase was concentrated by slow distillation of CH2Cl2 at 760 mm Hg. Addition and distillation of anhyd benzene allowed obtaining an anhyd solution of hex-3-enal (Yield: 95%).

       At 0 °C , to a stirred solution of the alcohol (46) (2.03 g, 1 equiv.) in CH2Cl2 (20 mL) was added a solution of Dess-Martin periodinane (7.47 g, 1.5 equiv.) in CH2Cl2 (80 mL). The mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h. The resulting suspension was filtered through a short silica plug and washed with CH2Cl2. The filtrate was washed with 1 N NaOH, H2O and brine, dried (MgSO4) and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield the desired ketone (60), as a white solid.

IBX 氧化反应示例：

     General procedure oxidation of alcohols with IBX: A sample of 11 mmol of recrystallised IBX and 10 mmol of general alcohols were added to (27.5mL) DMSO to form 0.4 M of solution and this mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. Water (20mL) was then added to the reaction mixture to precipitate 2-iodobenzoicacid crystals, and these crystals were decanted. The mother liquid was extracted with ether (3x25mL), washed with NaHCO3 solution, and dried over MgSO4 to obtain aldehydes or ketones.

3、亚硝酸钠和醋酐氧化

       一个较实用的合成醛的方法，反应一般在室温下进行，反应时间较短，可氧化大部分伯醇、烯丙醇和苄醇，而且产率较高，副反应较少。

亚硝酸钠和醋酐氧化反应示例：

     A typical procedure for oxidation of 4-nitrobenzyl alcohol: a mixture of NaNO 2 (1035 mg, 15 mmol) and 4-nitrobenzyl alcohol (5 mmol) in acetic anhydride (2 mmol) was stirred. A spontaneous exothermic reaction took place. The mixture was cooled in ice bath. After completion of the reaction (TLC), the product was extracted with ether (2 × 10 ml). Removal of the solvent under reduced pressure give crude product which was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether–ethyl acetate, 9 : 1).

      其它的氧化方法还有 TPAP Perruthenate-ley 氧化，Oppenauer 氧化，碳酸银和氧化银氧化，过渡金属氧化剂氧化等。TPAP ([n-Pr 4 N][RuO 4 ])是比较温和的将醇氧化为醛酮的方法(Reviews: Ley, Synthesis,1994, 639)，反应为均相，收率较高，常用于对复杂分子的氧化。

General procedure:

    N-Methylmorpholine oxide (NMO, 1.5 eq) was added to a solution of alcohol (1 eq) in anhydrous CH 3 CN at room temperature. To this mixture was added tetrapropylammonium perruthenate (TPAP, 0.05 eq) as a solution in CH 3 CN (2 ml) and MS4A (2 eq (wt)). The solution was stirred for 5 h. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo and the residue passed through a short column of silica gel (2 cm) and eluted with EtOAc to afford aldehyde (Yield:70~80%).

4、1,2-二醇的氧化

       氧化 1,2-二醇的氧化剂一般为过碘酸及四醋酸铅。用过碘酸氧化的反应虽然选择性好且有意义，但因氧化剂不溶于有机溶，应用受到了限制。为了弥补这个缺点，可用相转移催化剂的双相体系氧化的改良法或使用硅胶的非均相反应，二者都很有效。乙酸钴，硝酸铊也可氧化 1,2-二醇类化合物。

1,2-二醇的氧化示例

      A large, magnetic stir bar is added to the flask that contains the crude solid diacetonide and 700–800 mL of dichloromethane (10 mL/g of diacetonide) is added. The flask is equipped with a condenser and heating mantle, and the slurry is stirred vigorously and heated to reflux until the solids are digested to an even consistency. The mantle is removed, the slurry is  allowed to cool below reflux, and Celite (10 g) is added with stirring. The contents are further cooled to room temperature and vacuum-filtered through a pad of Celite on a glass frit filter into a three-necked, 2-L vessel. The flask is rinsed with 50 mL of dichloromethane and the rinse is filtered through the funnel. The 2-L vessel is then equipped with an overhead stirrer, thermometer, and water bath, and stirring is begun at 300–350 rpm. A solution of 30–40 mL of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (0.4 mL/g of diacetonide) is added with stirring, followed by 130–140 g of sodium metaperiodate (2.0 mol equiv), added portionwise over 2–3 min. The resulting mixture is stirred while the internal temperature is maintained below 35°C with water bath cooling. After the solution is stirred for 2 hr, 35–50 g of magnesium sulfate (0.5 g/g of diacetonide) is added and stirring is continued for 20 min. The slurry is vacuum-filtered through a glass frit filter into a 2-L, one-necked, round-bottomed flask. The filter cake is removed, transferred back into the three-necked vessel, 200 mL of dichloromethane is added, and the resulting slurry is stirred for 10 min. The slurry is vacuum-filtered and the filtrate is added to the one-necked flask.

     The filtrate-containing flask is equipped with a 12"-Vigreux column, distillation head, receiver, and heating mantle, and dichloromethane is removed by distillation (head temperature to 40°C). The residual oil is cooled and transferred to a 250-mL, round-bottomed flask and the flask is equipped with a simple distillation head, cow receiver, and heating mantle. After a brief forerun (2–3 g), product is collected by distillation at 30 mm (65–120°C) into a chilled receiver (5°C) to afford 54–68 g (75–85%) of crude 2,3-O-isopropylidene-D-glyceraldehyde. The crude product is transferred to a 100-mL, round-bottomed flask equipped with a 6"-Vigreux column, cow receiver, and heating mantle, and redistilled at 30 mm, collecting the fraction distilling at 67–73°C into a chilled receiver to afford 50–64 g of product (70–80%, 34–45% overall)。

1,2-二醇可以通过甲磺酰化然后碱消除合成酮。